HS Sample Set 2, Round 8 from NSB
Which of the following are two optical factors that reduce atmospheric transparency? W) Reflectivity and absorption X) Reflectivity and conduction Y) Absorption and convection Z) Advection and precipitation
W: W) Reflectivity and absorption
X: X) Reflectivity and conduction
Y: Y) Absorption and convection
Z: Z) Advection and precipitation
Answer: W) W) Reflectivity and absorption
Arrange the following four layers of the Earth in order from the Earth’s surface to its center: 1) liquid core; 2) lithosphere; 3) asthenosphere; 4) solid core.
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A scorpionfish demonstrates which of the following types of coloration? W) Cryptic X) Disruptive Y) Aposematic Z) Countershading
W: W) Cryptic
X: X) Disruptive
Y: Y) Aposematic
Z: Z) Countershading
Answer: W) W) Cryptic
What is the term for the specialized communal fishing behavior used by humpback whales?
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If \(y = -x^2\), what is the slope of the tangent line to the graph at \(x = 4\)?
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Evaluate \(\displaystyle \sum_{k=1}^{30} (3k + 2)\).
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Given the speed of light in a vacuum to be \(3\times10^8\) meters per second, what is the index of refraction for a medium where the speed of light is \(2.5\times10^8\) meters per second?
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What is the exact speed in meters per second of an object with mass \(2\) kg, executing simple harmonic motion with amplitude \(2\) m on a spring constant of \(8\) N/m, when its displacement is half the maximum amplitude?
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Which of the following sectors consumes the most energy in the US? W) Motor vehicle transportation X) Commercial and residential buildings Y) Air travel Z) Electronics
W: W) Motor vehicle transportation
X: X) Commercial and residential buildings
Y: Y) Air travel
Z: Z) Electronics
Answer: X) X) Commercial and residential buildings
On a per gram basis, why do carbohydrates contain less energy than hydrocarbons? W) Carbohydrates contain oxygen and hydrocarbons do not X) Carbohydrates cannot be burned and hydrocarbons can Y) Hydrocarbons come from fossilized animals and plants but carbohydrates come from live or recently dead plants and animals Z) Carbohydrates can be eaten but hydrocarbons cannot
W: W) Carbohydrates contain oxygen and hydrocarbons do not
X: X) Carbohydrates cannot be burned and hydrocarbons can
Y: Y) Hydrocarbons come from fossilized animals and plants but carbohydrates come from live or recently dead plants and animals
Z: Z) Carbohydrates can be eaten but hydrocarbons cannot
Answer: W) W) Carbohydrates contain oxygen and hydrocarbons do not
Two reactants are mixed in a bomb calorimeter and a reaction occurs. The temperature of the calorimeter rises. Which of the following statements regarding the reaction is true? W) The reaction is absorbing thermal energy X) The reaction is endothermic Y) The reaction is releasing thermal energy Z) The reaction energy is equal to \(q\Delta T\)
W: W) The reaction is absorbing thermal energy
X: X) The reaction is endothermic
Y: Y) The reaction is releasing thermal energy
Z: Z) The reaction energy is equal to \(q\Delta T\)
Answer: Y) Y) The reaction is releasing thermal energy
Determine the entropy change, including sign, in joules per mole–kelvin when one mole of nitrogen gas reacts with hydrogen gas to form ammonia gas: \(\mathrm{N_2} + 3\,\mathrm{H_2} \to 2\,\mathrm{NH_3}\). Assume standard molar entropies \(S^\circ(\mathrm{N_2})=192\), \(S^\circ(\mathrm{H_2})=131\), \(S^\circ(\mathrm{NH_3})=193\) J mol⁻¹ K⁻¹.
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Which of the following is NOT useful for dating extremely old fossils? W) Potassium-40 X) Carbon-14 Y) Uranium-238 Z) Thorium-232
W: W) Potassium-40
X: X) Carbon-14
Y: Y) Uranium-238
Z: Z) Thorium-232
Answer: X) X) Carbon-14
What is the wavelength in kilometers of a shallow-water wave with a speed of 600 km/h and a period of 15 minutes?
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The demographic transition model helps explain why which of the following occurs? W) Birth rates fall before death rates X) Death rates fall before birth rates Y) Development requires large populations Z) Industrialization begets large populations
W: W) Birth rates fall before death rates
X: X) Death rates fall before birth rates
Y: Y) Development requires large populations
Z: Z) Industrialization begets large populations
Answer: X) X) Death rates fall before birth rates
Which of these alternative breeding strategies results in an individual indirectly passing on its genes? W) Young male birds display in a lek with an older, unrelated male who takes all the copulations X) Young female birds sneak an egg into another female’s nest to be incubated Y) Non-breeding helpers are unrelated to offspring of a breeding pair Z) Non-breeding helpers are full siblings to offspring of a breeding pair
W: W) Young male birds display in a lek with an older, unrelated male who takes all the copulations
X: X) Young female birds sneak an egg into another female’s nest to be incubated
Y: Y) Non-breeding helpers are unrelated to offspring of a breeding pair
Z: Z) Non-breeding helpers are full siblings to offspring of a breeding pair
Answer: Z) Z) Non-breeding helpers are full siblings to offspring of a breeding pair
If \(\lvert x\rvert > -5\) is graphed on a number line, which of the following could describe its graph? W) Segment X) Ray Y) Line Z) Two opposite rays, not sharing a common endpoint
W: W) Segment
X: X) Ray
Y: Y) Line
Z: Z) Two opposite rays, not sharing a common endpoint
Answer: Y) Y) Line
Find the \(x\)-coordinates of every point on the graph of \(f(x)=x^3+3x^2-9x+3\) where the tangent line is horizontal.
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An object is placed 20 cm in front of a positive lens with a focal length of 10 cm. Which of the following kinds of image will be produced behind this lens? W) Upright and virtual X) Upright and real Y) Inverted and virtual Z) Inverted and real
W: W) Upright and virtual
X: X) Upright and real
Y: Y) Inverted and virtual
Z: Z) Inverted and real
Answer: Z) Z) Inverted and real
A person weighs 300 pounds on a scale. Given \(g=9.8\) m/s², find the person’s weight in newtons to two significant figures.
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If equal quantities by mass of gases A, B, C, and D are added to a closed container of fixed volume, and the total pressure is 760 torr, the partial pressure of A is which of the following? W) 25% of the total pressure X) Dependent on the size of the container Y) Directly related to its mole fraction Z) A function of its molar mass
W: W) 25% of the total pressure
X: X) Dependent on the size of the container
Y: Y) Directly related to its mole fraction
Z: Z) A function of its molar mass
Answer: Y) Y) Directly related to its mole fraction
At 25 °C, the standard reduction potential of \(\mathrm{Fe^{3+}}\to\mathrm{Fe^{2+}}\) is +0.77 V. What is the potential, in volts, of a platinum electrode dipped in a solution of 0.0005 M \(\mathrm{Fe^{3+}}\) and 0.05 M \(\mathrm{Fe^{2+}}\)? Provide your answer to two significant figures.
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What compound is the final nitrogenous waste product that is excreted by humans?
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Hundreds of fossils of an extinct quail species are found on a small Pacific island. The fossil femur is longer than that of modern quails from the mainland, and the fossil ulna is shorter. Why might these differences exist between the extinct quail and modern specimens? W) The extinct quail was adapted to jumping higher because of a higher concentration of predators on islands X) The extinct quail was likely evolving flightlessness Y) The extinct quail fossils were from juveniles Z) The extinct quail was a hybrid between the mainland species and another, so far undiscovered, island species
W: W) The extinct quail was adapted to jumping higher because of a higher concentration of predators on islands
X: X) The extinct quail was likely evolving flightlessness
Y: Y) The extinct quail fossils were from juveniles
Z: Z) The extinct quail was a hybrid between the mainland species and another, so far undiscovered, island species
Answer: X) X) The extinct quail was likely evolving flightlessness
Scientific investigations in the Gulf of Mexico have documented a large area of the Louisiana continental shelf with seasonally-depleted oxygen levels. Which of the following is the term for this oxygen depletion? W) Barotrauma X) Hypoxia Y) Hyperbaria Z) The bends
W: W) Barotrauma
X: X) Hypoxia
Y: Y) Hyperbaria
Z: Z) The bends
Answer: X) X) Hypoxia
What is the term for the apparent contradiction between an eternal, infinite universe and the observation that the night sky is dark?
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In the evolutionary tree of life, wings in birds and butterflies are an example of what kind of structures?
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Why is treatment of carbon monoxide poisoning with an oxygen mask NOT effective? W) Carbon monoxide binds up oxygen X) Carbon monoxide has a higher affinity for hemoglobin than oxygen does Y) The pressure at which the oxygen is delivered is approximately 25% higher than the effective pressure Z) Carbon monoxide changes the binding site of hemoglobin, making it unsuitable for binding oxygen
W: W) Carbon monoxide binds up oxygen
X: X) Carbon monoxide has a higher affinity for hemoglobin than oxygen does
Y: Y) The pressure at which the oxygen is delivered is approximately 25% higher than the effective pressure
Z: Z) Carbon monoxide changes the binding site of hemoglobin, making it unsuitable for binding oxygen
Answer: X) X) Carbon monoxide has a higher affinity for hemoglobin than oxygen does
A nimble minded Science Bowl contestant makes a concentrated solution of sodium hydroxide which she adds to a solution of potassium permanganate. The permanganate ion reacts to form which of the following? W) MnO₄²⁻ X) MnO₄⁻ Y) Mn₂O₃ Z) Mn²⁺
W: W) MnO₄²⁻
X: X) MnO₄⁻
Y: Y) Mn₂O₃
Z: Z) Mn²⁺
Answer: W) W) MnO₄²⁻
Transition metals can have iodine atoms as ligands; however, the iodine atom is quite large in size. Based on this information, what is the point group of titanium(IV) iodide?
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An acute angle has a measure of \(2a + 2b\). What is the difference between the degree measures of the supplement and complement of that angle?
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What is the sum of the first 50 terms of the arithmetic sequence with second term 35 and fourth term 55?
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A small marble is placed at the bottom of a hemispherical bowl. When the marble is displaced a small amount from the center, it oscillates about the bottom of the bowl. Which of the following changes would increase the period of oscillation of the marble? W) Using a marble of larger mass X) Using a marble of smaller mass Y) Using a bowl of larger radius Z) Using a bowl of smaller radius
W: W) Using a marble of larger mass
X: X) Using a marble of smaller mass
Y: Y) Using a bowl of larger radius
Z: Z) Using a bowl of smaller radius
Answer: Y) Y) Using a bowl of larger radius
A current of 100 mA flows through an ohmic circuit element across which the potential drop is 5 V. Which of the following is the resistance in ohms? W) 50 X) 20 Y) 0.2 Z) 0.05
W: W) 50
X: X) 20
Y: Y) 0.2
Z: Z) 0.05
Answer: W) W) 50
On average, which of the following consumes the most electricity in an office building? W) Space heating X) Air cooling Y) Lighting Z) Office equipment
W: W) Space heating
X: X) Air cooling
Y: Y) Lighting
Z: Z) Office equipment
Answer: Y) Y) Lighting
Which of the following is NOT a way of storing energy? W) Pumping water into a water tower on a hill X) Dynamic braking on a diesel-electric locomotive Y) Formation of NADPH in photosynthesis Z) Storing molten salt
W: W) Pumping water into a water tower on a hill
X: X) Dynamic braking on a diesel-electric locomotive
Y: Y) Formation of NADPH in photosynthesis
Z: Z) Storing molten salt
Answer: X) X) Dynamic braking on a diesel-electric locomotive
Consider the following reaction: \(\mathrm{Cl_2 (g)} + 2\,\mathrm{NaOH (aq)} \to \mathrm{NaOCl (aq)} + \mathrm{H_2O (l)} + \mathrm{NaCl (aq)}.\) Which of the following is true? W) This is a disproportionation reaction X) The oxidation number of the oxygen changes Y) The oxidation number of the sodium changes Z) The oxidation number of the chlorine remains constant
W: W) This is a disproportionation reaction
X: X) The oxidation number of the oxygen changes
Y: Y) The oxidation number of the sodium changes
Z: Z) The oxidation number of the chlorine remains constant
Answer: W) W) This is a disproportionation reaction
What is the electron count for \(\mathrm{Pd(PPh_3)_2Br_2}\)?
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Which of the following is a metamorphic rock? W) Serpentinite X) Diorite Y) Syenite Z) Dunite
W: W) Serpentinite
X: X) Diorite
Y: Y) Syenite
Z: Z) Dunite
Answer: W) W) Serpentinite
Which of the following is a Secchi disk used to measure? W) pH X) Conductivity Y) Turbidity Z) Salinity
W: W) pH
X: X) Conductivity
Y: Y) Turbidity
Z: Z) Salinity
Answer: Y) Y) Turbidity
Which of the following organisms does NOT undergo alternation of generations in its life cycle? W) Polytrichum moss X) Diatom Y) Laminaria brown algae Z) Fern
W: W) Polytrichum moss
X: X) Diatom
Y: Y) Laminaria brown algae
Z: Z) Fern
Answer: X) X) Diatom
In a countercurrent exchange system, arteries and veins are located near one another, allowing the transfer of arterial heat energy to the cooler venous blood. Conservation of heat energy through this system decreases the need for additional energy to warm the chilled venous blood. Which of the following best illustrates the greatest need for heat conservation using a countercurrent blood flow? W) Stomachs of beluga whales X) Ears of Asian elephants Y) Flippers of Atlantic dolphins Z) Breast muscles of Canadian geese
W: W) Stomachs of beluga whales
X: X) Ears of Asian elephants
Y: Y) Flippers of Atlantic dolphins
Z: Z) Breast muscles of Canadian geese
Answer: Y) Y) Flippers of Atlantic dolphins
No three points of a particular set of 4 points are collinear. How many lines are determined by pairs of those points?
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If \(\sin\theta + \cos\theta = \tfrac13\), find \(\sin2\theta\).
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A torsional pendulum consists of a disk suspended from a torsional spring. The torsional pendulum is set into oscillation when the disk is displaced through a small angle. Which of the following changes would increase the frequency oscillation of the torsional pendulum? W) Decrease the moment of inertia of the disk X) Increase the moment of inertia of the disk Y) Decrease the torsional spring constant of the spring Z) Decrease the angle through which the disk was displaced
W: W) Decrease the moment of inertia of the disk
X: X) Increase the moment of inertia of the disk
Y: Y) Decrease the torsional spring constant of the spring
Z: Z) Decrease the angle through which the disk was displaced
Answer: W) W) Decrease the moment of inertia of the disk
An object floats with 10% of its volume below the surface of the water in a pond. Find the average density of the object in kilograms per cubic meter.
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About how many tons of coal is required to produce the same amount of electricity produced by a typical power plant in one year? W) 250,000 X) 500,000 Y) 1 million Z) 4 million
W: W) 250,000
X: X) 500,000
Y: Y) 1 million
Z: Z) 4 million
Answer: Z) Z) 4 million
By number, rank the following four choices in order of increasing potential to impact climate change in the next 20 years: 1) CFC-12; 2) methane; 3) carbon dioxide; 4) nitrous oxide.
Choices:
Correct Order:
A DoE researcher runs a redox reaction for a Daniell cell: \(\mathrm{Cu^{2+}(aq)} + \mathrm{Zn(s)} \to \mathrm{Zn^{2+}(aq)} + \mathrm{Cu(s)}\). Given that the equilibrium constant for this reaction is \(1.65\times10^{37}\) at 25 °C, the \(E^\circ\) and the \(\Delta G^\circ\) for this reaction are which of the following? W) Both positive X) Both negative Y) Both zero Z) \(E^\circ\) is positive and \(\Delta G^\circ\) is negative
W: W) Both positive
X: X) Both negative
Y: Y) Both zero
Z: Z) \(E^\circ\) is positive and \(\Delta G^\circ\) is negative
Answer: Z) Z) \(E^\circ\) is positive and \(\Delta G^\circ\) is negative
In free radical polymerization, many different substituents can be employed to stabilize the chain end radical. All except which of the following are strong stabilizers of the radical? W) CN X) C₆H₅ Y) OCH₃ Z) CO₂CH₃
W: W) CN
X: X) C₆H₅
Y: Y) OCH₃
Z: Z) CO₂CH₃
Answer: Y) Y) OCH₃