HS Sample Set 15, Round 12 from NSB
The formation of volcanos on Mars is thought to be most mechanistically similar to that of which of the following volcanos on Earth? W) Mount Fuji X) Mount St. Helens Y) Mauna Loa Z) Parícutin
W: W) Mount Fuji
X: X) Mount St. Helens
Y: Y) Mauna Loa
Z: Z) Parícutin
Answer: Y) Y) Mauna Loa
Identify all of the following three types of climates that would be considered part of Koppen Group C: 1) Tropical wet; 2) Mediterranean; 3) Subtropical steppe.
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What principle can be used to predict the direction of changes in the equilibrium point of a reaction based on changes in reactant and product concentrations?
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Place the following three compounds in order of increasing boiling point: 1) Methanol; 2) Ethane; 3) Butanoic acid.
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Researchers at Argonne National Lab are exploring the possibility of using neutrino detectors to search for dark matter. Which of the following similarities between neutrinos and theoretical dark matter particles explains why the detectors could be repurposed? W) Current cosmological models suggest that dark matter consists entirely of neutrinos X) Both particles are very heavy Y) Both particles are extremely rare in the universe Z) Both particles interact very weakly with normal matter
W: W) Current cosmological models suggest that dark matter consists entirely of neutrinos
X: X) Both particles are very heavy
Y: Y) Both particles are extremely rare in the universe
Z: Z) Both particles interact very weakly with normal matter
Answer: Z) Z) Both particles interact very weakly with normal matter
Scientists at Lawrence Berkeley National Lab have made inorganic crystals of germanium sulfide that are arranged in a helical stack of thin sheets. They determined the structure of these crystals using X-ray crystallography. How did these scientists generate the requisite high-energy X-rays? W) Rapidly decelerating neutral particles X) Spallation of heavy elements Y) Rapidly oscillating electric dipoles in an ultra-high-frequency antenna Z) Centrifugal acceleration of charged particles
W: W) Rapidly decelerating neutral particles
X: X) Spallation of heavy elements
Y: Y) Rapidly oscillating electric dipoles in an ultra-high-frequency antenna
Z: Z) Centrifugal acceleration of charged particles
Answer: Z) Z) Centrifugal acceleration of charged particles
MRI imaging primarily depends on the interaction of magnetic fields and which of the following atomic properties? W) Molecular electric dipole moment X) Electron anomalous moment Y) Electron orbital magnetic moment Z) Nuclear magnetic moment
W: W) Molecular electric dipole moment
X: X) Electron anomalous moment
Y: Y) Electron orbital magnetic moment
Z: Z) Nuclear magnetic moment
Answer: Z) Z) Nuclear magnetic moment
In meters per second squared with two significant figures, what is the acceleration due to gravity on the surface of a spherical planet with the same mass as Earth but three times the radius?
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Which of the following is logically equivalent to the statement “not A or not B”? W) A and B X) A if and only if B Y) A implies not B Z) Not A implies not B
W: W) A and B
X: X) A if and only if B
Y: Y) A implies not B
Z: Z) Not A implies not B
Answer: Y) Y) A implies not B
What is the sum of the first 5 terms in the increasing geometric sequence with first term 5 and third term 80?
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In the process of autophagy, a cell can recycle its own contents by merging vesicles containing damaged parts with what organelles?
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Identify all of the following three types of blood cells that contain nuclei: 1) Platelets; 2) Erythrocytes; 3) Monocytes.
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What is the term for stellar objects that are typically less than 0.08 stellar masses and, as a result, failed to start nuclear fusion?
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The Kirkwood gaps are caused by orbital resonance with what planet?
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The statement that the electric flux through a closed surface is only dependent on the charge it encloses is a statement of which of Maxwell’s equations?
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Consider an extrasolar “rogue” planet approaching our solar system. Identify all of the following three statements that are true of their gravitational interaction: 1) If the total energy is greater than zero, the planet will enter a stable orbit about the Sun; 2) If the total energy is less than zero, the planet will enter a stable orbit about the Sun; 3) If the total energy is equal to zero, the path of the planet will form a parabola.
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The spinal cord is enclosed by three layers of membranes collectively called what?
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Which of the following amino acids would be most likely found in the intramembrane domain of a surface receptor protein? W) Cysteine X) Glutamic acid Y) Lysine Z) Phenylalanine
W: W) Cysteine
X: X) Glutamic acid
Y: Y) Lysine
Z: Z) Phenylalanine
Answer: Z) Z) Phenylalanine
What is the product of the three different prime factors of 168?
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A regular 36-sided polygon is inscribed in a circle with radius 8. Which of the following is the length of one of its sides? W) 8 cosine 10 degrees X) 8 sine 10 degrees Y) 16 cosine 5 degrees Z) 16 sine 5 degrees
W: W) 8 cosine 10 degrees
X: X) 8 sine 10 degrees
Y: Y) 16 cosine 5 degrees
Z: Z) 16 sine 5 degrees
Answer: Z) Z) 16 sine 5 degrees
Researchers at the Joint Genome Institute are studying plants that perform CAM photosynthesis. This pathway is characterized by the storage of carbon dioxide as what acid during the night?
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Scientists at the Joint Genome Institute are studying terpenes, which are plant metabolites synthesized from what monomer?
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Which of the following molecules contains the most electron-rich carbon center? W) Methanol X) Methane Y) Formaldehyde Z) Carbon monoxide
W: W) Methanol
X: X) Methane
Y: Y) Formaldehyde
Z: Z) Carbon monoxide
Answer: X) X) Methane
Order the following three salts in order of increasing melting point: 1) NaCl; 2) NaBr; 3) MgF2.
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In the Krebs cycle, citrate is generated by the combination of acetyl-CoA with what four-carbon molecule?
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Identify all of the following three phyla that are composed of deuterostomes: 1) Cnidaria; 2) Arthropoda; 3) Echinodermata.
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What is the dot product of the vectors $3\mathbf{i} - 5\mathbf{j} + 7\mathbf{k}$ and $4\mathbf{i} + \mathbf{j}$?
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Given that $\log_{10}2 = 0.301$ and $\log_{10}3 = 0.477$, and giving your answer to three decimal places, what is $\log_{10}75$?
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Scientists at Lawrence Berkeley National Lab are functionalizing peptoid nanosheets with sugars. They do this via an azide-alkyne cycloaddition, which is most similar in mechanism to which of the following reactions? W) SN1 X) SN2 Y) Grignard Z) Diels-Alder
W: W) SN1
X: X) SN2
Y: Y) Grignard
Z: Z) Diels-Alder
Answer: Z) Z) Diels-Alder
Scientists from Lawrence Berkeley National Lab are studying volatile organic compounds, or VOCs, released from the upper canopy in the Amazon Rainforest as part of the "Go Amazon" project. Understanding VOC production by trees involves understanding the variables that control it. Which variable is NOT important to the study? W) Air temperature X) Species of tree Y) Tree age Z) Atmospheric CO2
W: W) Air temperature
X: X) Species of tree
Y: Y) Tree age
Z: Z) Atmospheric CO2
Answer: Y) Y) Tree age
What type of semiconductor is formed if a silicon crystal is doped with phosphorus?
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A particle in one dimension is undergoing a force $F(x) = x^2$, where $x$ represents its position. As this particle travels from $x = 0$ to $x = 6$, what is the work, in joules, that the force does on the particle?
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What is the term for the temperature at which the relative humidity of air becomes 100%?
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Identify all of the following three Earth layers that are brittle: 1) Crust; 2) Lithosphere; 3) Upper mantle.
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Dinitrogen pentoxide decomposes to form oxygen gas and nitrogen dioxide. If this reaction is first order with respect to dinitrogen pentoxide, by what number would the rate of the reaction be multiplied if the concentration of dinitrogen pentoxide is doubled?
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Rank the following four gases in increasing order of mass density under standard temperature and pressure: 1) Oxygen; 2) Nitrogen; 3) Helium; 4) Krypton.
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Point P is one of the vertices of a 40-sided convex polygon. How many diagonals of the polygon have point P as an endpoint?
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In a group of 1000 homeowners, 400 of them have home security systems, 300 of them are dog owners, and 200 of them have both a dog and a home security system. If a home chosen at random does not contain a home security system, what is the probability that it also does not contain a dog?
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The Chandrasekhar limit concerns the maximal mass of what type of stellar remnant?
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Sometimes called the Local Supercluster, by what other name is the supercluster containing the Milky Way known?
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What is the most massive elementary particle emitted when carbon-10 undergoes its most likely radioactive decay?
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Two events are separated by a space-like interval. According to special relativity, identify all of the following three observations for which there exists an inertial reference frame in which it is possible: 1) They occur at the same position; 2) They occur at the same time; 3) They occur at both the same time and place.
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Which of the following substances can spontaneously reduce chromium (III) to chromium metal? W) Iodine X) Silver Y) Manganese Z) Iron
W: W) Iodine
X: X) Silver
Y: Y) Manganese
Z: Z) Iron
Answer: Y) Y) Manganese
Identify all of the following three compounds that are Arrhenius bases: 1) Ammonia; 2) Fluoride; 3) Iodide.
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The ventricles of the brain are lined with ependymal cells, which are responsible for circulation of what fluid?
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Identify all of the following three processes that occur in marine fish, in contrast to freshwater fish: 1) Excretion of salt from the gills; 2) Loss of water from body surfaces due to osmosis; 3) Excretion of large amounts of dilute urine.
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